ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF MARRIAGE

A. INTRODUCTION
Islam is a universal religion that covers all sides of life. Nothing was a problem, in this life, which is not explained. And no one untouched problem of Islamic values, although these problems seem small and trivial. That is Islam, the religion of mercy for the universe.
In the matter of marriage, Islam has been talking a lot. From the start how to find prospective criteria life companion, to how to treat kala Conditioning officially becomes the heart. Islam led. Similarly, Islam teaches how to create a festive wedding, but still get the blessings and does not violate the guidance of the Sunnah the Messenger of Allaah 'alaihi wasallam, as well as the wedding simple yet full of charm and light emitting and Islamic values in them.
Marriage is the way nature can accomplish biological fluctuations in the human, raised by the noble ideals of the later of the pair of cross syar'i husband and wife can produce offspring, so the role of wealth of this earth become more vibrant and the nature of marriage will give peace (ithmi'nân / thuma'nînah) for every human being, so long as marriage performed in accordance with the rules of Allah Most High, Zat Yang devoted love and mercy to mankind. And almost every believer has the same expectations of her family, which wants to live happily, Sakinah mawaddah warahmah.

B. Exhortation To Marry

"And Marry those among you sedirian, and the people who deserve (spouse) of the servants of men and sahayamu servants sahayamu women. if they are poor Allah will enable them to His Grace. and Allah is vast (giving him), Aware (Surat An-Nur: 32)
Verses above suggest to Muslims to get married, and Allah affirms that marriage is not as a cause of poverty. Married is the opening of the doors and membaawa rizki blessings and mercy from God. With married, God will add rizki and grace to his servants who believe the verses of Allah.
Islam has made a valid marriage bond based on the Qur'an and Sunnah as the only means to meet the demands of human instincts very fundamental, and the means to build an Islamic family. Appreciation of Islam against the big wedlock, to the extent that bond is set equal to half of religion. Anas ibn Malik radi 'anhu said: "It has been said: The Messenger of Allaah' alaihi wasallam (which means):" Whoever got married, then he has completed half of his religion. And should he devoted to God in keeping the other half ". [Hadiths Thabrani History and Justice].
Lo married was not something that scary, just requires careful calculation and preparation course, to avoid regret. As a treatise Syamil (overall) and Kamil (perfect), Islam has provided guidance on the purpose of marriage is to be understood by Muslims. The aim is that marriage is a blessing and worth of worship and really give peace to the husband and wife. It will come with a happy family and lasting. This can be achieved if the marriage was built on the basis of a correct understanding of Islam.
Intended to get married should follow the Sunnah of Allah Rasullullah., To procreate, and keep the honor. Married should also intended as a means of preaching, strengthen faith, and honor guard. Marriage is a means of propaganda husband to wife or vice versa, was also preaching to both families, since marriage is also relates the relationship of two families. That way, brotherhood and kinship networks became more extensive. This means, means of da'wah is also increased. On a broader scale, a successful Islamic marriages would be a pillar of support and the message of Islam pengokoh struggle, as well as the cadres bersemainya da'wah future struggles.
This is the purpose of marriage that should be the basis of every Muslim when getting married. Therefore, anyone who is getting married should really prepare everything needed to achieve the purpose of marriage as outlined Islam. At least, every Muslim, male and female, must understand the concepts of Islamic marriage like: Islamic rules about the position and roles of husband and wife in the family, the rights and obligations of spouses, parents and the obligations and rights of children around the law pregnancy, nasab, breastfeeding, childcare, and education of children in Islam.


C. Islam and Marriage
Islam was born as a mercy for the universe, especially the people who believe in Islam. Islamic conception of marriage had broken the paradigm of marriage itself. Islam regards marriage is the right of the individual, not a Prerogative rights of the parents of a child alone but as an independent individual free to choose his own. The position of parents was limited to maintain, educate and care for their children until they are adults and have the ability to pick and choose their own way. Islamic concept of marriage is based on the will and mutual consent of both parties who want to get married and when both partners have agreed it should not hinder anyone they will include carers and parents. Rejection of a parent or guardian is a violation of religious values as God has said in surah Al Baqarah verse 232 "... it is not your (the trustees) prevents them from mating with her future husband". This verse is the basis of the jurists to prohibit forced marriages and even the basis that the state is obligated to take over the guardian of marriage by a judge appoint a guardian if nasabnya reluctant or refused to marry them. In the Islamic conception of marriage is the responsibility of the guardian is not right so if the guardian nasab reject the obligations that must be taken over by the state. Rejection nasab guardian can only be accepted if a valid reason according to Islamic law among others, candidates crazy, no religion Islam, the community known bad temper (like violating religious taboos such as drunk-mabukkan, gambling, adultery, etc.), and is still under age. Beyond that, the reason for rejection nasab guardian can not be accepted and children are also not considered disobedience to parents for this because in Islam the marriage law is required so that the refusal of parents to marry off his son considered it a fight against religious law that is considered to sin .

D. Destination Weddings
a. To meet the demands Instincts Human Rights (Human Fitrah)
In the previous article we mentioned that marriage is a human nature, it is a legitimate way to meet these needs is to aqad marriage (through marriage), not by a very dirty disgusting as the ways people today with dating, cohabitation, prostitution , adultery, lesbian, gay, and so forth that have been distorted and forbidden by Islam.
b. To fortify the Human Dignity of Deeds Dirty and vile
The main goal of marriage in Islam disyari'atkannya of these is to fortify the human dignity of dirty deeds and evil, which has been lowered and lull the noble human dignity. Islam regards marriage and family formation as a means to maintain efefktif young men and women of the damage, and protect society from chaos. The Messenger of Allaah 'alaihi wasallam said (which means): "O young people! Whoever among you capable to marry, then nikahlah, because marriage is more menundukan views, and more fortify the vulva (genitals). And those who are unable, then let him fasting (shaum), because shaum it can fortify himself ". [Saheeh Ahmad, Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi, Nisaa'i, Darimi Ibn Jarud and Bayhaqi].

c. The Islamic Household
The lofty goal of marriage is that husband and wife execute Islamic law in his household. Law upheld households based on Islamic shariah is MANDATORY. Therefore, every Muslim and a Muslim who wants to build an Islamic household. Islamic household is a household based on the teachings of Islam in total (Kaffah)
d. Because of the Worship Married
As a man who was well aware kehambaanya, men must serve and give his life to God only and always spends his days in worship of God alone. From this perspective, the household is one of the fertile ground for worship and good deeds in addition to worship and righteous deeds, the other, to the extent that any intercourse with his wife, including worship (alms).
The Messenger of Allaah 'alaihi wasallam said (which means): "If you have intercourse with your wives, including alms!" Hearing the words of the Prophet Companions of surprise and asked: "O Messenger of Allah, a husband who satisfy the lust of his wife's desire to get a reward?" Prophet alaihi wasallam replied (which means): "What do you think if they (the husbands) in addition to intercourse with his wife, are not they innocent?" The Companions replied: "Yeah, right". He said again (which means): "So if they have intercourse with his wife (in place of the lawful), they will get the reward!". [Hadith Sahih Muslim, Ahmad and Nisaa'i with a Sahih chain of transmission].
e. Looking for descendants of Yang Salih
The purpose of marriage is to preserve and develop the sons of Adam, God says:
"God has made from self-self that you are the spouse and make you of your wives, the children and grandchildren, and give sustenance well. Will they believe in a false and deny the favor of Allah ? " [An-Nahl: 72].

And the most important thing in a marriage again not just get the kids, but trying to find and establish a quality generation, which is looking for a righteous son and devoted to God.
Surely the righteous descendants will not be obtained but with proper Islamic education. We mention this because a lot of "Institute of Islamic Education", but the content and un-Islamic way. So many of us see the children of the Muslims do not have ahlaq Islami, resulting from a wrong education. Therefore, the husband and wife are responsible to educate, teach, and guide their children on the right path.
About the purpose of marriage in Islam, Islam also considers that the establishment of the family as a way to realize the goals bigger covering various aspects of society based on Islam which will have a major influence and fundamental to the existence of Muslims and Muslims.
E. Ideal Couple In Islam
Of course, in the process of forming a suitable family is the Islamic Shari'a has provided several criteria of an ideal potential partner in efforts to develop an Islamic household, many criteria that must be ditlewati in finding a spouse, and the author will say a few criteria in accordance with the recommendation al - Qur'an and Sunnah, namely:
 Kafa'ah
According to Islam, Kafa'ah or similarity, proportionality or equal to marriage, is considered very important because the existence of similarities between the husband and wife, then the effort to establish and build an Islamic household inysa God will manifest. But according to the Islamic kafa'ah measured only by the quality of faith and taqwa and ahlaq person, not a social status, descent and others. God looked at the degree of a person whether they were Arabs and non Arabs, poor or rich. There was no difference of the two but taqwanya degrees.
It means: "O mankind, We created you from a male and a female and made you into nations and tribes that ye may know one another. Verily the most noble among you in Allah's sight are those most devoted among you. Verily Allah is Knower, Aware ". [Al-Hujurat: 13].

And they still sekufu 'and there is no obstacle for them to marry each other. Compulsory for parents, young men and women who still berfaham materialist and customs retain their compulsory leave and return to the Qur'an and Sunnah of Sahih. Word of the Messenger of Allaah alaihi wasallam (which means): "Women marry because of four things: Because of his wealth, for his descendants, because of her beauty, and because of his religion. Then let you choose because of his religion (the Islamannya), because if not, thou get hurt ". [HR. Bukhari, Muslim].
Salih and Shalihah 
According to the Qur'an shalihah woman is:
It means: "The man is a leader for women, by For God has preferred some of them (men) over some of the other (female), and because they (the man) has spend of their property. So therefore the pious woman, who is obedient to God again to maintain themselves when her husband was not there, by Because God has been keeping (them). women nusyuznya you worried, then they nasehatilah and separate them in their beds, and beat them. Then if they mentaatimu, so do not look for a way to menyusahkannya. Verily Allah is Most High, great. [Surah An-Nisaa: 34].

According to the Qur'an and Al-Hadith in the Sahih of the characteristics of women who shalihah is:
o obey God, obey the Apostle,
o Wearing the veil that covers all the shame
o Not to show off the beauty (tabarruj) as pagan woman
o Not be alone with two men who are not mahram,
obey the second o Parents in goodness,
o obey the husband,
o and so forth.

F. Marriage Procedure in Islam
Islam has given a clear concept about marriage procedures based on the Qur'an and Sunnah, the author briefly mentioned and explain if necessary:
a) making a proposal
It means: "And there is no sin for you woo the ladies [148] with innuendo [149] or you hide (the desire to marry them) in your hearts. God knows that you would mention them, in the meantime do not make a promise to marry them in secret, but just to say (to them) words that ma'ruf [150]. and do not ber'azam (bertetap liver) to beraqad marriage, before out 'iddahnya. and Know that Allah knows what is in your heart; So fear Him, and know that Allah is Forgiving, Clement. (Surat al-Baqara: 235)

A Muslim who would marry a Muslim he should first proposed, because it is possible he was dipinang by others, in this case Islam forbids a Muslim woman's hand in marriage dipinang by others [Muttafaq 'alaihi]. In view khitbah disunnahkan will face dipinang [Saheeh Ahmad, Abu Dawood, Tirmidhi and Darimi].
b) Aqad Marriage
In a marriage there are several aqad conditions and obligations that must be met:
 Like both like the second bride.
 Ijab qabul.
 Mahar.
 Wali.
 The Witnesses.
c) Walimah
Walimatul 'urusy is obligatory and cultivated as simple as possible and in walimah should be invited poor people. The Messenger of Allaah 'alaihi wasallam said about inviting the rich just means the food was bad-bad food. Word of the Prophet alaihi wasallam (which means): "Food is the worst food in walimah invite only rich people have to eat, while the poor are not invited. Those who did not attend the invitation walimah, he disobedience to God and His Messenger ". [Hadith Saheeh Muslim History and Bayhaqi from Abu Hurairah].

H. MARRIAGE IS PROHIBITED IN ISLAM
Islam prohibits some forms of marriage, God willing, the author will say a few marriages that are prohibited in the Islamic religion:

a. Nikah Mut'ah
The definition of marriage is a marriage of mut'ah intended only for bersenag-fun and only for a certain period only, may be termed a marriage contract expression.
At first marriage was allowed by the Prophet Muhammad, because at that time the Muslims are experiencing a prolonged war and away from their wives, the consideration that the Muslims who were in the field avoid the danger of war and dishonor adultery.
After that the Prophet Muhammad forbade the marriage of this type, because it was feared there were elements of abuse against women, and not in accordance with the purpose of marriage itself.
b. Marriage Muhallil
Muhallil marriage is a marriage that made one man against the woman who has been in three divorces, with the intention that her ex-husband that his wife had mentalak can marry again.
Such marriage is prohibited by religion, even dilaknak by the Prophet Muhammad. In a hadith the Messenger of Allah SAW said: "From Ibn Mas'ud, he said: the Prophet Muhammad condemned man Muhallil and Muhallal lahu (HR.Tarmidzi and Nasai).
c. Wedding Cross (Different Religions)
Marriage is a cross inter-faith marriages or marriage between men and women of different beliefs and different religions. Islam forbids marriage and this cross as mentioned in the Word of God:
"And do not marry women idolaters, until they believe. Indeed slave woman who believes is better than women polytheists, even though she allures you. and do not marry idolaters (with the women believers) until they believe. Truly a believing slave is better than the polytheists, even though she allures you. they take into hell, while Allah invites to Paradise and pardon by His permission. and God's revelations to explain him (the commandments of His) to mankind that they may take heed ". (Surat al-Baqara: 221)

d. Wedding Khadan
Khadan means concubine or mistress, both men who made the woman as his mistress, or vice versa. Marriage is Khadan pagan traditions and the modern world change khadan term with the term "cohabitation". Marriage or the way that this is forbidden by the religion and insulting the values of the sacral household and holy.

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Islamic Civilization

INTRODUCTION
From the early Islamic period have shown Medina culture and civilization are reflected into the world of politics, economics and technology and others. Islam in Medina period has laid the basic values of life philosophy is delivered directly by the Prophet Muhammad that would affect the lives of the world Muslim community with distinctive culture and civilization of Islam.
The progress of Islamic civilization can not be separated from the development of Islamic societies the existence of multiple, and growing in accordance with the dynamics of the world at that time, the Islamic presence in the midst of the people who do not have a strong foundation and has no hold on the values of wisdom and discretion, Islam provides a new paradigm to the world at the beginning of the prophetic and a major contribution to the development of world civilization and progress through the interpretation of explicit propositions with the media universe that later used as evidence to all mankind that is conveyed by Islam through the Prophet Muhammad is a the real truth, and the arguments that the Qur'an can be proved by technological advances and the development of world science.
Islamic civilization in the beginning of the period of Medina, the Islamic Society are familiar with that period of civilization, and began cultured. Civilization began with the government system that has been formed (political Islam) under the control and command of the Great Prophet Muhammad.
Further glory days of Islam is that when the Caliph, the Caliph of the Muslims became very strong, living in a welfare society the ideals of civil society which is our current goal is created when kekhalifaan, especially during the Umayyad caliph. Progress of Islamic civilization and culture of Islamic societies have very wide and varied, so that the Islamic community at that time known as its cultural wealth.
The author will present the journey of Islamic civilization in the beginning of the Caliphate leadership Rasyidah (first four caliphs) to the Caliphate of Bani Abbas, these days provide a very large contribution to the advancement of Islamic civilization in the world polotik, economics and technology.

A. KHILAFAH RASYIDAH
Caliph I (Sayyidina Abu Bakr)
When he faced the Presence of God Almighty, as a political leader he never intestate about who should replace him as leader of Islam after he died. Prophet Muhammad entrusted to Muslims to determine who becomes their leader. A valuable lesson has been given the Prophet Muhammad to Muslims, that political office is not a legacy that should diwasiatkan to relatives, but it is a huge mandate to do with all my heart and to be elected by the people themselves.
After the period of the Prophet, the Muslims led by the Caliph Rasulillah (Substitute Messenger) Sayyidina Abu Bakr, who was elected by consensus by the people of Medina at that time. In the development known as the Caliph Caliph Rasulillah alone. He continued duties as a religious leader and head of government. There are two factors that underlie the election of Abu Bakr as the Caliph; (1) leaders must be from the Quraysh tribe is based on a hadith that reads: "Leadership is in the hands of the Quraysh". Growing public opinion at the time of this condition, (2) Abu Bakr was the People of Islam which has many virtues, and among the first converts to Islam, he figures that accompany the Prophet emigrated, and when the Prophet appointed his excuse as priests, and he was of noble birth, intelligent and noble.
During the leadership of Caliph Abu Bakr fee that is very short, he is confronted with territorial issues, apostasy and the number of people claiming to be Prophet. Besides that, the tribes of the Arabs to the rejection of his leadership and do not want to submit to the government of Medina. The tribes are assuming that the agreement did the Prophet Muhammad will end when the Prophet died, it is a cause they do not want to obey the Caliph Abu Bakr. Because it can be dangerous opposition of religion and government, the Caliph Abu Bakr to take stern action against these tribes, so that Riddah War (the war against apostasy) becomes the last alternative that should be taken, as an effort to maintain stability in governance.
Government centralism applied when the government is still applied when the Messenger of Caliph Abu Bakr to power, where the legislative, executive and judiciary under the authority of the Caliph. The pattern is always applied deliberation he also still carried out by the government of this Caliph, he always made his friends to deliberations on crucial issues relating to religion and government.
Although the initial phase of Abu Bakr governance of chaos, he still continued aspiration to expand the Prophet of Islam to the Syrian region. Political steps taken by the Abu Bakr showed missionary zeal and the expansion of Islamic rule is very strategic and positive impact on the government at that time, an interpretation that emerges is quite strong Islamic forces and the enemy of Islam began to fear and trembling against Islam. And that is the transfer of the internal problems that occurred at that time.
After a resounding victory in the first phase of attack. Later, Abu Bakr to expand the area outside the Arabian Peninsula. The main target is the state which borders directly with the Islamic territory of Iraq and Syria. Expansion of Iraq led by Khalid bin Walid, and Syria, led by three commanders of Arm bin Ash, Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan, Syurahbil bin Hasanah. Commander of the troops under the leadership of Khalid ibn al-Walid al-can master Hirah in 634 years. Meanwhile, the Islamic forces who have difficulty memnuju Syria, because the Byzantine army in quantity more than the Islamic Army and has a complete weapon. Abu Bakr ordered Khalid to help the Muslims in Syria, and eventually the war was won by Islamic forces. But victory can not be witnessed by Sayyidina Abu Bakr, for he fell ill and died in 634.
In addition to regional expansion efforts Abu Bakr also contributed to the development of Islamic civilization in the next peride, among others;
1. Schools collecting the Qur'an. This collection is the idea of 'Umar ibn Khatab, he considers that this must be done because many of the Quran penghafal who died during the war. And Abu Bakr approve it, and Zayd ibn Thabit was assigned to work on gathering revelation.
2. Baitul Maal to form institutions, which aims for the benefit of the Muslim community which is managed by Abu Ubaidah
3. Establishing Judicial Institute, led by Sayyidina Umar ibn Khatab
4. Preparing candidates next caliph, in the hope does not happen opportunities divisions between Muslims.

Abu Bakr's reign was relatively short which managed to overcome the challenges in the new country grew Medina, and also has prepared the way for the development and expansion of Islam outside the Arabian peninsula.



Caliph II (Sayyidina Umar ibn Khatab)
When Abu Bakr consulted sick with the friends and raised Umar ibn Khatab as a substitute for the next caliph.
The road already taken by the first Caliph continued and developed by Umar bin Khatab, and the 635-year wave of expansion to fruition with the collapse of Syria (Syria) under Islamic rule. By using Syria as a base, the expansion continued in Egypt (subject to year 641), Persian and Mosul. At the time of Umar, the Islamic territory including the Arabian Peninsula, Palestine, Syria, most of Persia and Egypt.
To compensate for such a wave of rapid expansion, Umar did the State administrative reform by adopting the administrative systems of countries such as the Persian developed. Administratively divided into eight provinces of the region; Mecca, Medina, Syria, Peninsula, Basra, Kufa, Palestine and Egypt. In line with the administrative development, then founded several departments as deemed necessary, and payment of salaries of government officials and tax began disciplined, and police department also formed to maintain security and stability. Public Works Department was also established, he also forged currency, and the creation of Hijrah.
Umar bin Khatab died in the year 644 were killed by a slave of the Persian named Abu Lu'lu'ah. Unlike Abu Bakr immediately determine his successor, Umar appointed six people to bermusyawah friend and select one of them became caliph. And in the discussion between friends that Usman was elected as the third Caliph, after competing with Sayyidina Ali ibn Abi Talib.




Caliph III (Sayyidina Uthman ibn Affan)
Uthman became caliph for 12 years, the last phase of his reign comes disappointment and feelings of being happy for the application of governance patterns. Problems that may arise due to different systems with kepemerintahannya previous Caliph, Usman was too soft and many of the families who occupy important positions of government, giving rise to the assumption that Usman was a doll family.
In the reign of Usman halt the Islamic expansion in the region of Armenia, Tunisia, Cyprus, Rhodes and the remaining part of the Persian.
Usman services when he became the Deputy Force is improving the Qur'an that have been made during the government of Abu Bakr. In addition Usman also build roads, bridges, mosques, and expand the Medina Mosque.
Usman Died in the year 655, he was killed by the rebels who are not satisfied the government Uthman ibn Affan. After these tragic events, the Islamic community pointed Ali ibn Abi Talib as the Caliph.

Caliph IV (Ali ibn Abi Talib)
Period kekhalifaan Ali ibn Abi Talib, the stability of government is always marked by turmoil and opposition, both internal and external of Islam. Having occupied the "hot seat" caliphate, he dismissed governors appointed by Uthman ibn Affan, he menggap that the turmoil due to negligence and lack of their ability to become a lead. Ali also took back the lands that had been presented earlier caliph, for the benefit of the State, and re-introduced a system of tax distribution.
Not long later, the internal turmoil of the burning of Islam itself, Ali ibn Abi Talib, facing a rebellion Talha, Zubair and Aisha. This revolt was based on dissatisfaction Talha, Zubair and Aisha Ali's decision not to punish the murderers Usman bin Affan. After Ali's efforts to find peaceful means failed, war was inevitable. War known as the War of Jamal (camel) because at the time the war was Aisha riding a camel with a terrible burning. This war was won by Ali ibn Abi Talib, Talha Zubair and Aisha killed and captured and sent back to Medina.
At the same time, policies issued by Ali's governors mengkibatkan lose his power of resistance. Terebut resistance led oelh Governor of Damascus, Muawwiyah. After the war ended with the victory Jamal Ali, his army moved to Damascus. Ali met with army troops Mu'awwiyah in Shiffin area, and the battle took place between Ali and Mu'awwiyah known as Shiffin War. This war ended with peace agreements. But this peace agreement did not resolve the issue as expected Ali ibn Abi Talib, and even lead to the third group Khawarij (the people who came out of Ali's army ranks because they do not agree with a peace treaty with Mu'awwiyah). Of course, this situation is detrimental Ali, his army grew weaker since abandoned by his followers, while it increased Mu'awwiyah strength. Power of Islam at that time was split into three kekuatn poitik, supporters of Ali's first, and Khawarij Mu'awwiyah. And on the 20th of Ramadan 40 AH, Ali was killed by one of angota Khawarij.
After the death of Ali ibn Abi Talib, kekhalifaan held by his son. Hasan's position is weakened political cause he made peace. This Agreement can unite Muslims back in the political leadership, under Mu'awwiyah ibn Abi Sufyan. This agreement also ended the first four caliphs, with the start of the Umayyads and the delivery of new Islamic political history.




B. Umayyads KHILAFAH
Deliberation and democratic system applied by the Khilafah Rasyidah replaced by the monarchical system controlled by Mu'awwiyah ibn Abi Sufyan. Even he menebut himself as the Caliph of Allah, in the sense of Caliph appointed by God directly. And it has changed Mu'awwiyah Islamic society in the political world through their work as a caliph, he was ordained for the whole community to be faithful to his son Yazid. The development of political civilization of Islam and the paradigm of Islamic political and democratic deliberation berasaskan began to fade and change.
Umayyad power was about 90 years. Initial capital centered in Medina moved to Damascus. Great Caliph and contributed to the dynasty is Mu'awwiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, Abdul Malik ibn Marwan, Walid bin Abdul Malik, Umar ibn Abdul Aziz and Abdul Malik ibn Hashim.
In the reign of this dynasty, which stopped at eksapansi Khilafah Rasyidah government resumes. Expansion will be my rincikan according to a leading caliph dynasty
A. Age Mu'awwiyah Tunisia local control, Khurasan, Afghanistan, Kabul. Even the navy to attack the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.
B. Abdul Malik continued expansion into the eastern region and can be mastered Balkh, Bukhara, Khawarizm, Ferghana and Samarkhand.
C. Walid massive expansion to the west hold and control al-Jazair, Morocco, Spain, Seville, Elvira, Toledo.
Besides the expansion area, this dynasty also contributed to the development of several fields, including: post offices, military discipline, pncetakan currency, and reform of government administration.
The destruction caused by the Umayyad caliphs the latter did not think about the people, weak and bad morals and devoted to luxury. This is the result of strength and support for this government and eventually reduced to 750 years daulah Abbas Bani Umayyad digulungkan allied with Abu Muslim al-Khorasani.

D. KHILAFAH BANI ABBAS
Abbasid daulah called for because the founder and ruler of this dynasty is from the descendants of Bani Abbas., Nabui Muhammad's uncle. The founder of this dynasty was Abbas as-Saffah. And the golden age of Islam lies in the power of this dynasty.
History daulah transition of power from the Umayyad to the Abbasid daulah Hashim began when Islam requires power in their hands because they are the Prophet Muhammad's family nearby. The demand was actually a long time, but it became a movement when the Umayyad dynasty to the throne by defeating Ali Bin Abi Talib and being hard descendants of Hashim.
Propaganda just started happening when Umar Bin Abdul Aziz (717-720) menjafi Bani Umayyad caliph. Stability of state and government system worked well, welfare and justice so evenly against daulah and its people. Tersebutlah reassurance that triggered Bani Abbas to start a movement based in the area of al-Humaymah, which at that time led an ascetic by the name of Abdullah bin Abbas, who was succeeded by his son named muhammad the expanding movement to undermine the authority of the Umayyad dynasty at that time . He menetpakan three regions to be the center of motion; (1) al-Humaymah the center of planning and organization; (2) of Kufa as a liaison; and (3) Khorasan as a practical movement center.
After the death of Muhammad was succeeded by his son named Ibrahim al-Imam, who raised a warlord who bravely came from Khurasan who named Abu Muslim Khorasani. Abu Muslim of Khurasan and won the victory followed by victory, and finally Ibrahim al-Imam was arrested by daulah Umayyad and imprisoned until death. After it was replaced by his brother Ibrahim called Abu Abbas, who led the battle between the army and Bani Umayyads Abbas in areas near the river Zab. In the battle of Banu Annas victory and continue to Syria and from there the victory gained by the victory in the army Bani Abbas.
In the year. 132 H / 750 M stand with the Abbasid caliphs Daula first is Abu Abbas al-Saffah. Daula lasts long enough, until the year 656 AH / 1258 AD based on political and social change and culture of the same pattern of administration.
Although the first caliph was Abu Abbas, he only led by a relatively very short time only about four years. This daulah then succeeded by Abu Ja'far al-Mansyur, he who with all their strength against his opponents of the Umayyads, and Syia'ah Khawarij who feel excluded from the Abbasid government. To secure their authority then the person who is considered to damage the country in stabilits kick away from these daulah. Himself and his uncle Abu Muslim Khorasani in law to death, to secure his position from the competition.
Internal governance for the benefit of the capital was moved to Baghdad in 767, and form the executive and judicial institutions. In the executive branch he picked sorng vizier (minister) as the coordinator of the department, he also established the institution of protocol state, secretary of state, police forces and continued the armed forces. He pointed Abdur Rahman as a judge on the state judiciary. Postal bureau has existed since the time of the Umayyad dynasty continued with the additional task, but also set the path the letter as a means of information for all local authority areas, so that the state administration run smoothly. The postal bureau directors also served to report the activities of local governors to the Caliph.
Department vizier for about 50 years in Baramakih or controlled by Marmaki, a family who came from Balkh, Persia (Iran). The first vizier was Khalid Bin Balkh, which was succeeded by his son named Yahya Bin Khalid. The latter is also his son became a young vizier, while her other son Fadhli bin Yahya became the Governor of Western Persia and Khorasan. During this period the state administrative matters more is handled by the family's Persian. Kelurga entry of non-Arabs into the government of Bani Abbas is a distinguishing element of the previous dynasty to the Arab-oriented.
Caliph is also trying to re-conquer the areas previously free themselves and to establish security in the border regions. Among his efforts were in Asia citadel, Malita town, region Sicilia Coppadicia and 758-765 on the year, the northern army across the Taurus and approached pegunugan Bosporus straits, and peace with the Emperor Costantine V. During the truce (578-765), Byzantine pay annual tribute. Troops also faced Khazar Turkish army in the Caucasus, Daylami in the Caspian Sea, in other parts of Turkey and India orksus.
Deputies at the time the concept changed, he said: "I was the power of God on earth" that indicate that the Deputy is not of human choice but a mandate from the Lord, like the Caliph Rasyidin era. And the name of their more popular titles from their original names. Golden peak Daula built by Abu Abbas Ja'far al-Mansyur, and was succeeded by the next seven generations from the time of the Caliph Mahdi to Caliph al-Wasiq. And to top this daulah popularity is at the time of Caliph Harun al-Rashid and his son al-Ma'mun.
Thus the progress of Islamic civilization, especially in politics and culture ever achieved by the Islamic government in the classical period, something that is not progress at the time unprecedented. The golden age, glory, glory achieved by the political progress go hand in hand with the progress of civilization and culture. The height of Islamic keemasaan daulah especially occurs in the first Abbasid period, and peride decline in subsequent periods.

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